St. Mary’s First Nation: Guardians of the Wolastoq River
Nestled along the shores of the Wolastoq (Saint John River) in what is now New Brunswick, the St. Mary’s First Nation holds a storied place in the history of the Maliseet (Wolastoqiyik) people. Known as Sitansisk in the Wolastoqey language, this community exemplifies the resilience, adaptability, and cultural continuity of its people. From their pre-contact origins, deeply tied to the river and its bounty, through early European encounters, to their evolving role in Canada’s cultural and economic landscape, the story of St. Mary’s First Nation is one of determination and survival.
Pre-History: Wolastoqiyik and the Beautiful River
The Wolastoqiyik, or “People of the Beautiful River,” have lived in the Wolastoq Valley for over 10,000 years. Their ancestors thrived in this lush and resource-rich region, which provided everything needed for survival: fish from the river, game from the forests, and fertile soil for planting. The river itself served as both a lifeline and a central axis of their spiritual and cultural world.
Seasonal movements guided their lives. In the summer, Wolastoqiyik gathered near rivers to fish for Atlantic salmon, sturgeon, and eels. Winters saw smaller groups move inland to hunt moose, caribou, and small game. This rhythm of life fostered a profound respect for the land and its resources. The principle of Netukulimk, which emphasized sustainability and living in harmony with nature, governed their use of the environment.
Their tools, crafted from wood, bone, and stone, reflected their resourcefulness and deep understanding of their surroundings. Birchbark canoes, lightweight yet durable, allowed them to navigate the Wolastoq with ease, facilitating trade and communication with other Indigenous groups.
Governance and Social Structure
The governance of the Wolastoqiyik was deeply rooted in consensus and shared responsibility. Communities like St. Mary’s were part of a larger network of villages connected by the river. Each community was led by a Sakom (chief) who, with the counsel of elders and other respected members, guided decisions on matters such as hunting territories, trade, and conflict resolution.
Kinship bonds were central to Wolastoqiyik society, fostering cooperation and mutual support. Oral traditions, passed down through generations, preserved knowledge of hunting practices, navigation, and spiritual teachings, ensuring that the community’s history and values were never forgotten.
First Contact with Europeans
The arrival of European explorers in the 16th century introduced profound changes to the Wolastoqiyik way of life. French explorers, including Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain, were among the first Europeans to encounter the Wolastoqiyik. Early interactions were characterized by mutual curiosity and the establishment of trade relationships. The Wolastoqiyik provided furs, particularly beaver pelts, in exchange for European goods such as metal tools, textiles, and firearms.
The fur trade quickly became a cornerstone of Wolastoqiyik-European relations. The Wolastoq River served as a major artery for trade, with St. Mary’s First Nation and its surrounding areas playing a pivotal role. While the introduction of European goods enhanced aspects of their daily lives, the fur trade also disrupted traditional economies and introduced dependencies.
The arrival of Europeans also brought devastating consequences. Epidemics of smallpox, measles, and other diseases to which the Wolastoqiyik had no immunity caused significant population declines, profoundly altering their communities.
Relationships with Missionaries and Settlers
The 17th and 18th centuries saw the arrival of Catholic missionaries, particularly Jesuits, who sought to convert the Wolastoqiyik to Christianity. While many adopted aspects of Catholicism, they often blended these teachings with their traditional spiritual beliefs rather than abandoning them entirely. This syncretism allowed the Wolastoqiyik to maintain their cultural identity while navigating the pressures of colonialism.
During this period, the Wolastoqiyik forged strong alliances with the French, supporting them in conflicts such as the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) against the British. These alliances were based on shared interests and mutual opposition to British expansion. However, the British victory in 1763 and subsequent colonization of New Brunswick brought new challenges. The Wolastoqiyik faced increasing encroachment on their lands, restrictions on their mobility, and disruptions to their traditional way of life.
The 19th Century: Resilience Amidst Change
The 19th century brought profound changes to the Wolastoqiyik of St. Mary’s. The establishment of reserves under the Indian Act (1876) confined them to smaller portions of their ancestral lands, limiting their ability to hunt, fish, and gather as they had for millennia. The reserve system also imposed new governance structures that often clashed with traditional ways of decision-making.
Despite these challenges, the community demonstrated remarkable resilience. Fishing, particularly for salmon, remained a central part of their economy and culture. Seasonal hunting trips allowed families to maintain their connection to the land, while basket-making and other traditional crafts provided both income and a means of preserving cultural practices.
The Wolastoqiyik also played an active role in the logging industry, which grew in importance along the Wolastoq River during this period. Their skills as canoeists and woodsmen made them invaluable participants in this burgeoning economy.
Cultural Revitalization and Language Preservation
Throughout their history, the Wolastoqiyik of St. Mary’s have worked tirelessly to preserve their language, Wolastoqey, and cultural traditions. The language, a central part of their identity, has faced challenges due to the impacts of colonialism and residential schools. However, community-led efforts, including language classes and immersion programs, have ensured that Wolastoqey remains a living language.
Cultural events, such as the annual St. Mary’s Powwow, bring the community together to celebrate their heritage through drumming, dancing, and storytelling. These gatherings serve not only as a means of cultural preservation but also as opportunities to educate younger generations and strengthen community bonds.
Environmental Stewardship and Advocacy
The Wolastoqiyik have long been stewards of the Wolastoq River and its surrounding ecosystems. Their traditional ecological knowledge, honed over millennia, informs their approach to hunting, fishing, and land management. However, modern challenges such as industrial pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change have heightened the need for environmental advocacy.
The St. Mary’s First Nation has taken an active role in protecting the river and its resources. Efforts to address overfishing, improve water quality, and restore salmon populations reflect their commitment to ensuring the Wolastoq remains a vital resource for future generations.
St. Mary’s Today: A Thriving Community
Today, St. Mary’s First Nation is a vibrant and dynamic community of approximately 1,800 members. Investments in education, healthcare, and economic development reflect their commitment to building a sustainable future while honouring their traditions. Cultural tourism, including guided tours and participation in traditional activities, has become an important part of the local economy, showcasing the community’s rich heritage.
The St. Mary’s First Nation is also a leader in regional governance, advocating for Wolastoqiyik rights and cultural preservation. Their efforts highlight the enduring strength of their people and their ability to adapt while maintaining their identity.
Conclusion: A Legacy of Strength and Continuity
The history of St. Mary’s First Nation is a testament to the resilience, adaptability, and deep connection to the land of the Wolastoqiyik people. From their ancient presence along the Wolastoq to their central role in early European trade and their modern efforts in cultural revitalization and environmental stewardship, the Wolastoqiyik of St. Mary’s have maintained their identity and place within Canada’s evolving landscape.
As an elder from St. Mary’s once said, “The river is our lifeblood, connecting us to our ancestors and guiding us toward the future. By honouring our traditions and protecting our heritage, we ensure that our story continues.”
References
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- St. Mary’s Cultural Centre. Guardians of the River: The History and Culture of St. Mary’s First Nation. St. Mary’s Publications, 2015.
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